•  physical   (time, environment, comfort, needs, physical medium)
•  cultural   (ethnic, religious, and social differences)
•  perceptional  (viewing what is said from your own mind set)
•  motivational  (mental inertia)
•  experiential  (lack of similar experience)
•  emotional   (personal feelings at the moment)
•  linguistic   (different languages or vocabulary)
•  nonverbal  (non-word messages)
•  competition  (noise, doing other things besides listening)

Basic Philosophical Barriers

Group	Epistemology  (how to know)	Axiology  (highest values)	Logic
European / American	cognitive  (know by counting and measuring)	highest value is in object or acquisition of object	dichotomous either /or
African / Hispanic / Arabic	affective  (know through symbols and rhythm)	highest value is in interpersonal relations	diunital union of opposites
Asian	conative  (know through striving to transcend)	highest value is in group cohesiveness	objective  separation of thought and mind
Native American	inspirational  (know though reflection)	highest value is in oneness with Great Spirit	mystery