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If the coins are equally heavy on both sides, and the edge is perpendicular to the faces, it would be reasonable to expect the long-term proportion of heads to be about 0.5. We can state this as:
Our null hypothesis: H0: p=0.5 The alternative hypothesis: Ha: p0.5 |
Note also: Please do not use any foreign (including Canadian) or pre 1959 (Indian head, wheat-back) pennies. It might be instructive to also compare pre 1982 and post 1982 pennies. In 1982 most of the copper was replaced by zinc, resulting in lighter (and cheaper) pennies. Since 1982 pennies were both (primarily copper and zinc) AND were produced both at Philadephia (plain) and Denver (D) AND both large and small date varieties exist, up to 8 total varieties of pennies may be extant for this date! Some types may be exceedingly rare.
Are these results about what you expected, or are you surprised by the results? Do you think it is likely, by chance alone, to obtain results like these results you observed?
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