European Country Requirements

• First Cycle Bologna compliant bachelor's degree (180-240 ECTS credits) earned at an institution recognized by the Ministry of Education
• Diplome with Titull (professional title requiring a minimum of 4 years of study)
• Diplome, Deshmi, Specializimi
• Master Profesional; Diplomë Master Nivelit të Parë

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued.

• Unofficial certificate e notave/liste e notave/list notash/vertetim/transcripts/academic record containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained, or
• Diploma supplement (Bologna compliant degree)
• If transcripts/diploma supplements do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your graduation certificate/diploma showing degree conferred and date awarded.  
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts/diploma supplements will be required. 

Please Note: The information above is not complete, but rather represents the most common credentials and grading scales from this country. Check your transcripts for your institutional grading scale and if different, please upload it with your academic records.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• 2:1 ratio - 2 ECTS credits = 1 US semester credit
  A ‘first cycle’ (or bachelor's) degree consists of either 180 or 240 ECTS credits. A ‘second cycle’ (or master's) degree equates to 90 or 120 ECTS credits.

• Official Language: Albanian
• Language of Instruction in Higher Education: Albanian

Accreditation information

• Quality Assurance Agency in Higher Education (ASCAL) is an independent body, impartial and transparent in carrying out its activity in performing accreditation and promoting the quality of higher education institutions. It is the only institution operating in the higher education area in the Republic of Albania, that monitors and evaluates the quality of higher education. ASCAL is part of the European Quality Assurance Agency, a member of ENQA, a full member of CEENQA, a full member of INQAAHE. 

_{Revised: March 2023}

• Bachelor degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)
• Bakkalaureus/Bakkalurea
• Diplom (4-year bachelor's degree)
• Diplom - Ingenieur (Diploma of Engineer)

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued.

What to Submit into Your Online Application

• Unofficial transcripts/academic records containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

Grading Scale

European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) Grading Scale*

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Official Language: German
• Language of Instruction in Higher Education: German (some program taught in English)

Accreditation Information

• Agency for Quality Assurance and Accreditation Austria (AQ) is responsible for the entire higher education sector in Austria and their quality assurance and improvement. They carry out audits and accreditation for higher education.
• The Association for Transnational Higher Education Accreditation (ATHEA) conducts a voluntary, non-governmental peer review that is dedicated to quality assurance through institutional accreditation. ATHEA is an international affiliate of European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA)
• Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF) is responsible for the entire education system, from early childhood education and primary schools to the Matura (higher education entrance examination), university colleges of teacher education and adult education. 

_{Revised: March 2023}

• Unofficial Strucni Naziv Diplomirani (4-6 years)/diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Bosnian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Bakalavr (4-year bachelor's degree)
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued.

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution.)

• Official final transcripts will be required.

European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) Grading Scale*

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Official Language: Bulgarian
• Language of Instruction in Higher Education: Bulgarian

Accreditation Information

• Ministry of Education and Science (MES) governs all policies and activities related to education and science in the Republic of Bulgaria. MES aims to implement a successful process of strategic transformation of higher education to better compete in the European and global race for knowledge, skills and economic and material prosperity.
• The National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency (NEAA) is responsible for evaluation, accreditation and monitoring of the quality in higher education institutions and scientific organizations.

_{Revised: April 2023}

• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)
• Diploma o Stecenoj Stucnoj Spremi Secmog (VII/1) Stupnja with Strucni Naziv Diplomiranog; Diploma of Poslijediplomski Strucni Studij; Diploma of Poslijediplomski Umjetnicki Studij   

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued.

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

  European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) Grading Scale*

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Croatian

_{Revised: January 2020}

• Engineer (Inzenyr)
• 4 year bachelor's degree (Bakalar or Bakalar Umeni)
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Czech

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Bachelorgraden
• The Professions bachelor
• Bachelor'sdegree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required. 

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

= For more information on ECTS credits, see Appendix B at the bottom of this document.

• Danish

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Bakalaureuskraad (Bachelor’s degree)
• Diplom(b) in Applied Higher Education (4 year program)
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

After Admission Decision

• Official final transcripts will be required.

Grading Scale*

5-Point

Before 2000 6-point

*Pass

After 20006-point

*In 2000 all universities and professional higher education institutions began using a unified 6-point marking scale, with the minimum passing level in examinations at 51%.

European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) Grading Scale*

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Estonian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Arkkitehti / Arkitekt
• Kandidaatti/Kandidat (pre-2005)
• Diplomi-insinoori/Diplomingenjor
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

After Admission Decision

• Official final transcripts will be required. 

European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) Grading Scale*

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Finnish

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Licence plus Maîtrise (pre-Bologna)
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)
• Diplôme (eg: Diplôme de Comptabilité et de Gestion, Diplôme Supérieur de Comptabilité et de Gestion, Diplôme d'Expertise Comptable, Certificat d'Aptitude au Professorat de l'Enseignement du Second Degré (CAPES))

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued.

Please note: Applicants who are in the final year of their bachelor’s degree can be considered for provisional admission.

• Official final transcripts will be required. 

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• French

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Bakkalaureus
• Bachelor’s degree
• Diplom/Diploma from a Fachhochschule
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued.

What to Submit into Your Online Application

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

Please note: Applicants who are in the final year of their bachelor’s degree can be considered for provisional admission.

• Official final transcripts will be required.

Grading Scale

European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) Grading Scale*

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• German

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Főiskolai Oklevél (4 year College Diploma)
• Egyetemi Oklevél (4 year University Diploma)
• Alapkepzes/Alapfokozat (4 year bachelor's degree)
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued

What to Submit into Your Online Application

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

OR

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Hungarian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Laurea di 1° livello (L)
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed andCredits (post-Bologna) the final diploma has been issued

• Unofficial Certificatos d’esami/diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

* The designation e lode (with honors) may be added to a perfect score (grade of 30 on course work and 110 on degree examinations) to recognize exceptional achievement.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Italian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Bakalaurs (4 year bachelor's degree)
• Diploms (4-5 year Specialist Diploma)
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

Please note: Three-year bachelor's degrees are accepted if all coursework is completed and the final diploma has been issued.

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma. 
• Diplomas or degree certificates (e.g. Bakalaura diploms, Ärsta diploms, Zobârsta diploms Transcripts/certificatos d’esami, and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Latvian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Aukstojo Mokslo
• Bakalauro Diplomas
• Bachelor's degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

• Unofficial diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

After Admission Decision

• Official final transcripts will be required.

* 4 is a passing grade at Vilnius Pedagogical University.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Lithuanian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Bachelor’s degree - 3-year Bologna-compliant degree (180-240 ECTS credits)

• University of applied science/ Higher professional education (hoger beroepsonderwijs, HBO).
• University of science/research oriented higher education (wetenschappelijk onderwijs, WO)

• Unofficial Diploma Supplement containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual grades obtained
• If Diploma Supplements does not show the date of degree conferral, please upload a copy of your Degree Certificate/Getuigschrift Hoger Beroepsonderwijs
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution)

Please note: Applicants who are in the final year of their bachelor’s degree can be considered for provisional admission.

• Official Diploma Supplement containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual grades obtained sent directly by the institution.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Official Language: Dutch
• Language of Instruction in Higher Education: Dutch, but more and more schools and universities teach in English.

Accreditation information

• Accreditation Organization of the Netherlands and Flanders (Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie –NVAO)
• Ministry (Secondary & Tertiary): Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap
• Institutions: Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie
• Recognition: Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie

_{Revised: January 2023}

• Inzynier
• Licencjat
• Dyplom Tytuł Magister
• First Cycle Bologna Compliant Degree (Bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

Please note: Applicants who are in the final year of their bachelor’s degree can be considered for provisional admission.

• Official final transcripts will be required. 

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Polish

_{Revised: September 2022}

• First Cycle Bologna Compliant Degree (bachelor)/180-240 ECTS Credit
• Bachelor's degree (Licenciatura, 4-5 years of university study).  

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Portuguese

_{Revised: September 2022}

• First Cycle Bologna Compliant Degree (bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit
• Diplomă de Absolvire; Diplomă de Licenţă, short-term (3 years) or long-term diplomas (4 to 6 years, according to the field of study).  

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Romanian

_{Revised: September 2022}

One of the following academic credentials are required:

• Diploma of Bakalavr/Диплом бакалавра. Awarded by an akademija (academia), an institut (institute) or a universitet (university) in conjunction with the State Attestation Commission following 4 years of undergraduate education
• Specialist Diploma/Диплом специалиста (Bachelor’s and Masters’s combined)
• First Cycle Bologna Compliant Degree (bachelor's)/180-240 ECTS Credit

• Copies of Akademicheskaya Spravka, Prilozhenie k Diplomu (Academic Transcripts) and Degree Certificate which includes all subjects completed and grades received, or
• Copies of diploma supplement containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual grades received. If diploma supplement does not list date of degree conferred, please upload a copy of your academic diploma.
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final degree certificates and academic transcripts listed above certified by apostille through an authorized body of education of the Russian Federation.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Official Language: Russian
• Language of Instruction in Higher Education: Russian

Accreditation information

• Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation is a government ministry that is responsible for determining the policies and direction of the higher education system in Russia.
• National Accreditation Agency of the Russian Federation (NAA) is recognized as the organization in Russia responsible for dissemination of knowledge and information on procedures of the state accreditation of Higher Education Institutions.
• National Centre for Public Accreditation (NCPA) accredits the best educational programmes in alignment with ESG-ENQA, Federal State Educational Standards, and requirements of professional associations and regional labor market. It publishes information about the accredited educational programmes
• Russian Register is a Certification Association that provides services on certification and expert assessment, and is justly considered the largest and internationally recognized Russian certification and expert organization.

_{Revised: January 2023}

• Diploma visokog obrazovnaja (first university diploma)
• First cycle Bologna compliant degree (bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

Please note: Applicants who are in the final year of their bachelor’s degree can be considered for provisional admission.

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Serbian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Titulo de Ingeniero (5 years post-secondary study)
• Titulo de Licenciado (4-5½  years post-secondary study)
• First cycle Bologna compliant degree (bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit

• Copias de Certificado de Notas/Calificaciones (unofficial academic transcripts) and
• Títulos/Graduation diplomas, and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Spanish

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Kandidatexamen (bachelor’s degree)
• First cycle Bologna compliant degree (bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

* Please Note:

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

= For more information on ECTS credits, see Appendix B at the bottom of this document.

• Swedish

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Lizentiat/Diplom/Licence/Licenza (4-year bachelor’s degree)
• First cycle Bologna compliant degree (bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit

• Unofficial diploma supplement or academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• French
• German
• Italian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• Diplom Specialista (5 year)
• Dyplom bakalayra (4-year bachelor’s degree),
• First cycle Bologna compliant degree (bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit

• Unofficial Prilozhenie k Diplomu/Diploma supplement/academic transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma and
• Akademicheskaya Spravk (academic certificates), Dyplom (diplomas) earned and
• Authorized word-for-word English translation of all academic documents, (unless academic records and diplomas are routinely issued in English by the institution).

• Official final transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

• Ukranian

_{Revised: September 2022}

• 3-year British bachelor's degree 
• First cycle Bologna compliant degree (bachelor)/180 ECTS Credit

• Unofficial diploma supplements/academic record/ transcripts containing a complete record of all courses taken and individual marks obtained. If transcripts do not list the date of graduation, please upload a copy of your diploma.

• Official final diploma supplements/academic record/transcripts will be required.

• One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits.
• The rough equivalent of 5 ECTS credits is 2.5 American credits. We therefore advise to transfer credits along a 2:1 ratio.

^{Revised: September 2022}